Case: Peripheral Venous Access - Part 2
Case: Peripheral Venous Access - Part 2
/sites/default/files/Cases_SB_Aorta2_EDU00186_Thumb_0.jpg
Use ultrasound imaging to identify anatomy prior to intravenous catheter needle punctures, verify needle depth, and use dynamic techniques for attaining optimal needle guidance during deep vein cannulation & IV placement.
Applications
Clinical Specialties
Media Library Type
Media Library Tag
Subtitles
<p begin="00:00:14.649" end="00:00:16.337" style="s2">- Hello, my name is Phil Perera</p>
<p begin="00:00:16.337" end="00:00:18.367" style="s2">and I'm the emergency<br />ultra sound coordinator</p>
<p begin="00:00:18.367" end="00:00:21.187" style="s2">at the New York Presbyterian<br />hospital in New York City</p>
<p begin="00:00:21.187" end="00:00:24.653" style="s2">and welcome to SoundBytes Cases.</p>
<p begin="00:00:24.653" end="00:00:26.948" style="s2">In this SoundBytes module,<br />entitled Ultrasound Guided</p>
<p begin="00:00:26.948" end="00:00:29.053" style="s2">Cannulation of Arm Veins Part 2,</p>
<p begin="00:00:29.053" end="00:00:30.605" style="s2">we'll look further into<br />the techniques needed</p>
<p begin="00:00:30.605" end="00:00:33.497" style="s2">to use ultrasonography to guide a IV into</p>
<p begin="00:00:33.497" end="00:00:35.576" style="s2">one of the deep arm veins.</p>
<p begin="00:00:35.576" end="00:00:37.675" style="s2">As we discussed in part<br />one of this module,</p>
<p begin="00:00:37.675" end="00:00:39.873" style="s2">we first want to map out<br />the vein using both short</p>
<p begin="00:00:39.873" end="00:00:42.867" style="s2">and long axis views and we'll<br />employ a dynamic technique</p>
<p begin="00:00:42.867" end="00:00:46.068" style="s2">for optimal guidance for the<br />catheter down to the vein.</p>
<p begin="00:00:46.068" end="00:00:48.691" style="s2">Want to use a longer<br />angiocath for the procedure,</p>
<p begin="00:00:48.691" end="00:00:51.551" style="s2">preferably 1.88 inch or longer</p>
<p begin="00:00:51.551" end="00:00:54.294" style="s2">as we need a good amount of<br />plastic catheter in the vein</p>
<p begin="00:00:54.294" end="00:00:56.626" style="s2">to avoid extravasation of fluids or meds</p>
<p begin="00:00:56.626" end="00:00:58.997" style="s2">during resuscitation of the patient.</p>
<p begin="00:00:58.997" end="00:01:02.011" style="s2">This recent published study<br />showed that it's crucial</p>
<p begin="00:01:02.011" end="00:01:04.479" style="s2">to select the correct<br />target vessel when deciding</p>
<p begin="00:01:04.479" end="00:01:06.898" style="s2">to cannulate a deep arm IV.</p>
<p begin="00:01:06.898" end="00:01:09.491" style="s2">169 patients were enrolled in the study</p>
<p begin="00:01:09.491" end="00:01:11.591" style="s2">and it was determined that<br />the size of the vessel</p>
<p begin="00:01:11.591" end="00:01:13.386" style="s2">directly correlated with the success rate</p>
<p begin="00:01:13.386" end="00:01:15.385" style="s2">of the cannulation procedure.</p>
<p begin="00:01:15.385" end="00:01:18.012" style="s2">A vessel with a diameter<br />less than three millimeters</p>
<p begin="00:01:18.012" end="00:01:20.837" style="s2">correlated to a success rate of only 56%.</p>
<p begin="00:01:20.837" end="00:01:23.588" style="s2">While a diameter greater<br />than 6 millimeters correlated</p>
<p begin="00:01:23.588" end="00:01:26.139" style="s2">to success rate of 92%.</p>
<p begin="00:01:26.139" end="00:01:28.737" style="s2">That's showing that the diameter<br />was directly correlating</p>
<p begin="00:01:28.737" end="00:01:31.932" style="s2">to the success rate of<br />placement of a deep arm IV.</p>
<p begin="00:01:31.932" end="00:01:34.176" style="s2">Also the depth of the<br />vessel was very important</p>
<p begin="00:01:34.176" end="00:01:37.755" style="s2">as no vessel that was<br />deeper than 1.6 centimeters</p>
<p begin="00:01:37.755" end="00:01:39.901" style="s2">was successful cannulated.</p>
<p begin="00:01:39.901" end="00:01:42.631" style="s2">A very nice study by Dr. Panebianco et al.</p>
<p begin="00:01:42.631" end="00:01:45.729" style="s2">A academic emergency medicine, 2009.</p>
<p begin="00:01:45.729" end="00:01:47.478" style="s2">Armed with the knowledge<br />of the last study,</p>
<p begin="00:01:47.478" end="00:01:50.005" style="s2">here we're going to measure<br />the diameter of a brachial vein</p>
<p begin="00:01:50.005" end="00:01:51.888" style="s2">prior to a puncture attempt.</p>
<p begin="00:01:51.888" end="00:01:53.807" style="s2">Notice here, we've<br />selected a brachial vain</p>
<p begin="00:01:53.807" end="00:01:56.424" style="s2">and we're measure the<br />diameter at 3.7 millimeters</p>
<p begin="00:01:56.424" end="00:01:58.347" style="s2">by 4.3 millimeters.</p>
<p begin="00:01:58.347" end="00:02:01.062" style="s2">Thus, this would correlate<br />with a low likelihood</p>
<p begin="00:02:01.062" end="00:02:04.105" style="s2">of success rate during<br />a cannulation attempt.</p>
<p begin="00:02:04.105" end="00:02:06.359" style="s2">Notice also we're measuring<br />the depth of the vessel</p>
<p begin="00:02:06.359" end="00:02:08.950" style="s2">and while the depth of the<br />vessel is six millimeters</p>
<p begin="00:02:08.950" end="00:02:11.459" style="s2">less than the 1.6<br />centimeters that correlated</p>
<p begin="00:02:11.459" end="00:02:14.853" style="s2">to no successful outcomes of<br />peripheral IV cannulation,</p>
<p begin="00:02:14.853" end="00:02:17.440" style="s2">the diameter of the vessel<br />would be very difficult</p>
<p begin="00:02:17.440" end="00:02:18.988" style="s2">to cannulate.</p>
<p begin="00:02:18.988" end="00:02:20.629" style="s2">Now let's take a look at a better target.</p>
<p begin="00:02:20.629" end="00:02:23.085" style="s2">This is a basilic vessel<br />and we can see here</p>
<p begin="00:02:23.085" end="00:02:24.883" style="s2">that the diameter is<br />much larger than the last</p>
<p begin="00:02:24.883" end="00:02:27.557" style="s2">brachial vein and we measure<br />it at 6.5 millimeters</p>
<p begin="00:02:27.557" end="00:02:29.763" style="s2">by 6.7 millimeters.</p>
<p begin="00:02:29.763" end="00:02:32.406" style="s2">Thus, this would have a<br />very high success rate</p>
<p begin="00:02:32.406" end="00:02:35.900" style="s2">in terms of cannulation<br />with a ultrasound guided IV.</p>
<p begin="00:02:35.900" end="00:02:38.198" style="s2">We can also see that the<br />vessel depth is relatively</p>
<p begin="00:02:38.198" end="00:02:40.596" style="s2">superficial, again making it more amenable</p>
<p begin="00:02:40.596" end="00:02:42.586" style="s2">to a cannulation attempt.</p>
<p begin="00:02:42.586" end="00:02:44.801" style="s2">Once we have selected a<br />favorable target vessel</p>
<p begin="00:02:44.801" end="00:02:47.541" style="s2">for cannulation, we can place<br />the probe in a short axis</p>
<p begin="00:02:47.541" end="00:02:49.575" style="s2">of side to side orientation.</p>
<p begin="00:02:49.575" end="00:02:52.020" style="s2">Here we're using a q-tip<br />coming in underneath the probe</p>
<p begin="00:02:52.020" end="00:02:55.355" style="s2">at 45 degree angle to look<br />for the ring down artificat</p>
<p begin="00:02:55.355" end="00:02:58.393" style="s2">for guidance for placement<br />of the IV in a side to side</p>
<p begin="00:02:58.393" end="00:03:01.274" style="s2">or lateral orientation<br />on the patients arm.</p>
<p begin="00:03:01.274" end="00:03:04.172" style="s2">We can look for a finding<br />know as the ring down artifact</p>
<p begin="00:03:04.172" end="00:03:06.209" style="s2">on the ultrasound screen as shown here.</p>
<p begin="00:03:06.209" end="00:03:08.643" style="s2">Notice we have a nice plump<br />basilic vein in the middle</p>
<p begin="00:03:08.643" end="00:03:10.751" style="s2">of the field here and<br />we can see a dark mark</p>
<p begin="00:03:10.751" end="00:03:12.889" style="s2">emanating from the surface directly down.</p>
<p begin="00:03:12.889" end="00:03:14.927" style="s2">Which is the ring down<br />artifact caused by pressure</p>
<p begin="00:03:14.927" end="00:03:16.391" style="s2">from the q-tip.</p>
<p begin="00:03:16.391" end="00:03:18.147" style="s2">Thus this would be the<br />appropriate poke point</p>
<p begin="00:03:18.147" end="00:03:21.154" style="s2">on the side to side<br />orientation on the patients arm</p>
<p begin="00:03:21.154" end="00:03:23.154" style="s2">for placement of the IV.</p>
<p begin="00:03:23.154" end="00:03:26.602" style="s2">We can also localize a vessel<br />using the long axis technique.</p>
<p begin="00:03:26.602" end="00:03:28.298" style="s2">Notice here we have the probe oriented</p>
<p begin="00:03:28.298" end="00:03:31.148" style="s2">in an up and down configuration<br />on the patients arm</p>
<p begin="00:03:31.148" end="00:03:33.495" style="s2">and are placing the q-tip<br />underneath the distal aspect</p>
<p begin="00:03:33.495" end="00:03:35.480" style="s2">again at a 45 degree angle</p>
<p begin="00:03:35.480" end="00:03:38.418" style="s2">to look for that ring down<br />artifact onto the vessel.</p>
<p begin="00:03:38.418" end="00:03:41.006" style="s2">To increase the accuracy<br />of an ultrasound guided IV,</p>
<p begin="00:03:41.006" end="00:03:42.999" style="s2">it's important to know<br />the course of the vessel</p>
<p begin="00:03:42.999" end="00:03:44.831" style="s2">as it runs up and down the arm.</p>
<p begin="00:03:44.831" end="00:03:46.410" style="s2">Here we see in the picture to the left</p>
<p begin="00:03:46.410" end="00:03:48.481" style="s2">that we're localizing<br />the vessel at one point</p>
<p begin="00:03:48.481" end="00:03:50.509" style="s2">on the patients arm but it's not enough</p>
<p begin="00:03:50.509" end="00:03:51.947" style="s2">to know only one point.</p>
<p begin="00:03:51.947" end="00:03:53.440" style="s2">We need to know the course of the vessel</p>
<p begin="00:03:53.440" end="00:03:55.596" style="s2">as it runs up and down the<br />arm as show in the picture</p>
<p begin="00:03:55.596" end="00:03:56.859" style="s2">here to the right.</p>
<p begin="00:03:56.859" end="00:03:58.899" style="s2">Notice we're marking two<br />points on the vessel.</p>
<p begin="00:03:58.899" end="00:04:01.828" style="s2">We have the distal poke<br />point as noted by the blue x</p>
<p begin="00:04:01.828" end="00:04:03.930" style="s2">towards the outer part of the patients arm</p>
<p begin="00:04:03.930" end="00:04:06.067" style="s2">and then we're moving<br />the probe more up the arm</p>
<p begin="00:04:06.067" end="00:04:08.846" style="s2">more proximally to mark a<br />second point on the vessel.</p>
<p begin="00:04:08.846" end="00:04:11.588" style="s2">A line drawn between<br />these marks would identify</p>
<p begin="00:04:11.588" end="00:04:13.906" style="s2">the trajectory that the IV should follow</p>
<p begin="00:04:13.906" end="00:04:15.948" style="s2">once it comes in at the<br />the distal poke point</p>
<p begin="00:04:15.948" end="00:04:18.427" style="s2">to successfully cannulate the vessel.</p>
<p begin="00:04:18.427" end="00:04:21.542" style="s2">This longer angiocath at<br />1.88 inches would be more</p>
<p begin="00:04:21.542" end="00:04:24.101" style="s2">optimal for cannulation of a deep arm vein</p>
<p begin="00:04:24.101" end="00:04:26.057" style="s2">using ultrasound guidance.</p>
<p begin="00:04:26.057" end="00:04:27.559" style="s2">This schematic shows the reason</p>
<p begin="00:04:27.559" end="00:04:29.564" style="s2">that we need a longer<br />angiocath when cannulating</p>
<p begin="00:04:29.564" end="00:04:31.211" style="s2">a deeper arm vein.</p>
<p begin="00:04:31.211" end="00:04:34.151" style="s2">While the vein my only be one<br />centimeter deep to the skin.</p>
<p begin="00:04:34.151" end="00:04:37.037" style="s2">Notice that the needle is<br />not going directly down,</p>
<p begin="00:04:37.037" end="00:04:39.109" style="s2">it comes in at about a 45 degree angle</p>
<p begin="00:04:39.109" end="00:04:40.837" style="s2">to cannulate the vessel.</p>
<p begin="00:04:40.837" end="00:04:42.758" style="s2">So we need a longer<br />aspect of the needle just</p>
<p begin="00:04:42.758" end="00:04:44.700" style="s2">to make it down to the target vein.</p>
<p begin="00:04:44.700" end="00:04:46.962" style="s2">Plus we also need an<br />ample amount of catheter</p>
<p begin="00:04:46.962" end="00:04:48.586" style="s2">to be within the vessel lumen</p>
<p begin="00:04:48.586" end="00:04:51.734" style="s2">to avoid extravasation<br />of fluids or medications.</p>
<p begin="00:04:51.734" end="00:04:54.597" style="s2">For this reason, 1.88 inch<br />or longer is essential</p>
<p begin="00:04:54.597" end="00:04:57.223" style="s2">for cannulation of a deep arm vein.</p>
<p begin="00:04:57.223" end="00:04:59.000" style="s2">Now we're ready to cannulate a vessel</p>
<p begin="00:04:59.000" end="00:05:00.493" style="s2">using ultrasound guidance.</p>
<p begin="00:05:00.493" end="00:05:03.252" style="s2">We'll begin using the short<br />axis or side to side orientation</p>
<p begin="00:05:03.252" end="00:05:04.967" style="s2">of the probe with the probe maker</p>
<p begin="00:05:04.967" end="00:05:06.184" style="s2">orientated towards the left</p>
<p begin="00:05:06.184" end="00:05:07.760" style="s2">as we stand in front of the patient.</p>
<p begin="00:05:07.760" end="00:05:09.869" style="s2">This will correlate with the<br />ultrasound screen indicator</p>
<p begin="00:05:09.869" end="00:05:12.156" style="s2">dot which is towards<br />the left of the screen.</p>
<p begin="00:05:12.156" end="00:05:15.386" style="s2">Generally I want to go and place<br />the IV at a 45 degree angle</p>
<p begin="00:05:15.386" end="00:05:18.236" style="s2">underneath the patients<br />skin and then I'll place</p>
<p begin="00:05:18.236" end="00:05:21.068" style="s2">the probe over the area<br />of the IV to guide the IV</p>
<p begin="00:05:21.068" end="00:05:22.760" style="s2">directly into the vein.</p>
<p begin="00:05:22.760" end="00:05:25.078" style="s2">This phantom shows why using<br />the short axis technique</p>
<p begin="00:05:25.078" end="00:05:27.118" style="s2">can be an excellent<br />starting point for guiding</p>
<p begin="00:05:27.118" end="00:05:30.352" style="s2">the IV directly down to the<br />vein under ultrasound guidance.</p>
<p begin="00:05:30.352" end="00:05:32.714" style="s2">Here we can see a target<br />vessel and note we see</p>
<p begin="00:05:32.714" end="00:05:34.490" style="s2">the echogenic tip of the needle going</p>
<p begin="00:05:34.490" end="00:05:36.253" style="s2">through the anterior wall of the vessel</p>
<p begin="00:05:36.253" end="00:05:38.584" style="s2">and permeating into the vessel lumen.</p>
<p begin="00:05:38.584" end="00:05:40.538" style="s2">So the short axis technique is optimal</p>
<p begin="00:05:40.538" end="00:05:42.669" style="s2">for viewing lateral needle orientation</p>
<p begin="00:05:42.669" end="00:05:45.302" style="s2">across the patients arm<br />and guiding the IV directly</p>
<p begin="00:05:45.302" end="00:05:47.564" style="s2">down into the venous lumen.</p>
<p begin="00:05:47.564" end="00:05:49.333" style="s2">When using the short axis technique,</p>
<p begin="00:05:49.333" end="00:05:51.512" style="s2">one must keep in mind<br />the effect of probe slice</p>
<p begin="00:05:51.512" end="00:05:53.317" style="s2">on visualization of the needle.</p>
<p begin="00:05:53.317" end="00:05:55.947" style="s2">Note here, the probe is<br />position more proximally</p>
<p begin="00:05:55.947" end="00:05:58.538" style="s2">along the course of the needle<br />and even though the needle</p>
<p begin="00:05:58.538" end="00:06:00.300" style="s2">tip is securely within the vessel lumen,</p>
<p begin="00:06:00.300" end="00:06:03.757" style="s2">we're only visualizing the<br />needle to be above the vessel.</p>
<p begin="00:06:03.757" end="00:06:06.362" style="s2">Notice the schematic view<br />here towards the left</p>
<p begin="00:06:06.362" end="00:06:08.724" style="s2">and we can see the probe<br />is more proximal along</p>
<p begin="00:06:08.724" end="00:06:10.848" style="s2">the course of the needle<br />and the ultrasound view</p>
<p begin="00:06:10.848" end="00:06:13.100" style="s2">towards the right and even<br />thought the tip of the needle</p>
<p begin="00:06:13.100" end="00:06:15.066" style="s2">is securely within the<br />lumen of the vessel,</p>
<p begin="00:06:15.066" end="00:06:17.507" style="s2">we're only visualizing<br />the needle above the vein</p>
<p begin="00:06:17.507" end="00:06:19.538" style="s2">and may get a false<br />determination of where the tip</p>
<p begin="00:06:19.538" end="00:06:20.894" style="s2">of the needle is.</p>
<p begin="00:06:20.894" end="00:06:22.911" style="s2">Therefore, when using<br />the short axis technique</p>
<p begin="00:06:22.911" end="00:06:24.793" style="s2">when cannulating a deep arm vessel,</p>
<p begin="00:06:24.793" end="00:06:27.055" style="s2">it's important to move<br />the probe along the course</p>
<p begin="00:06:27.055" end="00:06:29.603" style="s2">of the vessel to stay<br />in plane with the tip</p>
<p begin="00:06:29.603" end="00:06:31.964" style="s2">of the needle as you advance<br />the needle under the skin</p>
<p begin="00:06:31.964" end="00:06:33.204" style="s2">and into the vessel lumen.</p>
<p begin="00:06:33.204" end="00:06:35.316" style="s2">Here we see we've moved the<br />probe more distally along</p>
<p begin="00:06:35.316" end="00:06:37.387" style="s2">the course of the vessel<br />and now we're more</p>
<p begin="00:06:37.387" end="00:06:39.256" style="s2">in plane with the tip of the needle.</p>
<p begin="00:06:39.256" end="00:06:40.773" style="s2">We see the schematic view to left</p>
<p begin="00:06:40.773" end="00:06:42.805" style="s2">and the ultrasound view towards the right</p>
<p begin="00:06:42.805" end="00:06:44.943" style="s2">showing successful<br />cannulation of the vessel</p>
<p begin="00:06:44.943" end="00:06:47.541" style="s2">and the tip of the needle<br />right within the vein lumen.</p>
<p begin="00:06:47.541" end="00:06:49.823" style="s2">This video clip shows<br />successful cannulation</p>
<p begin="00:06:49.823" end="00:06:52.644" style="s2">of a brachial vein using<br />the short axis technique.</p>
<p begin="00:06:52.644" end="00:06:54.819" style="s2">Notice here we see the vessel and notice</p>
<p begin="00:06:54.819" end="00:06:56.601" style="s2">we see the echogenic tip<br />of the needle coming down</p>
<p begin="00:06:56.601" end="00:06:59.036" style="s2">from the surface and<br />permeating the anterior wall</p>
<p begin="00:06:59.036" end="00:07:00.030" style="s2">of the vessel</p>
<p begin="00:07:00.030" end="00:07:02.276" style="s2">and there we can see the<br />echogenic tip of the needle</p>
<p begin="00:07:02.276" end="00:07:04.542" style="s2">right within the vessel lumen.</p>
<p begin="00:07:04.542" end="00:07:06.630" style="s2">We can also use the<br />long axis configuration</p>
<p begin="00:07:06.630" end="00:07:08.926" style="s2">for cannulation of a deep arm IV.</p>
<p begin="00:07:08.926" end="00:07:11.830" style="s2">Optimally, you want to place<br />the probe in the configuration</p>
<p begin="00:07:11.830" end="00:07:14.606" style="s2">of the vessel as it runs up<br />and down the patients arm.</p>
<p begin="00:07:14.606" end="00:07:16.829" style="s2">By tradition, we want to have<br />the probe marker oriented</p>
<p begin="00:07:16.829" end="00:07:19.478" style="s2">distal so that the distal<br />aspect of the probe</p>
<p begin="00:07:19.478" end="00:07:21.984" style="s2">will line up to the left<br />of the ultrasound screen,</p>
<p begin="00:07:21.984" end="00:07:23.387" style="s2">as shown here.</p>
<p begin="00:07:23.387" end="00:07:25.369" style="s2">So distal on the screen<br />will be to the left</p>
<p begin="00:07:25.369" end="00:07:26.829" style="s2">and proximal to the right.</p>
<p begin="00:07:26.829" end="00:07:28.523" style="s2">The IV would then enter<br />underneath the probe</p>
<p begin="00:07:28.523" end="00:07:30.781" style="s2">at that 45 degree angle.</p>
<p begin="00:07:30.781" end="00:07:32.280" style="s2">While the short axis configuration gives</p>
<p begin="00:07:32.280" end="00:07:34.173" style="s2">a lot of information about side to side</p>
<p begin="00:07:34.173" end="00:07:36.115" style="s2">or lateral orientation of the needle,</p>
<p begin="00:07:36.115" end="00:07:38.676" style="s2">the long axis configuration<br />gives a lot of information</p>
<p begin="00:07:38.676" end="00:07:40.895" style="s2">with regard to vertical needle depth.</p>
<p begin="00:07:40.895" end="00:07:42.546" style="s2">Here we see a needle coming from the left</p>
<p begin="00:07:42.546" end="00:07:44.926" style="s2">and permeating into the vein lumen.</p>
<p begin="00:07:44.926" end="00:07:47.022" style="s2">Notice here we can get<br />an accurate determination</p>
<p begin="00:07:47.022" end="00:07:49.432" style="s2">of the optimal depth of the needle</p>
<p begin="00:07:49.432" end="00:07:51.945" style="s2">in relation to the venous<br />lumen for cannulation</p>
<p begin="00:07:51.945" end="00:07:53.115" style="s2">of the vessel.</p>
<p begin="00:07:53.115" end="00:07:54.907" style="s2">Here's a real cannulation<br />of a brachial vein</p>
<p begin="00:07:54.907" end="00:07:56.866" style="s2">in a long axis configuration.</p>
<p begin="00:07:56.866" end="00:07:59.759" style="s2">We see the vein stretching out<br />in a long axis configuration</p>
<p begin="00:07:59.759" end="00:08:02.057" style="s2">as a tubular structure<br />running from left to right</p>
<p begin="00:08:02.057" end="00:08:04.316" style="s2">along the screen and we<br />see the needle coming</p>
<p begin="00:08:04.316" end="00:08:06.375" style="s2">in from the left to the<br />right moving up and down</p>
<p begin="00:08:06.375" end="00:08:08.894" style="s2">and cannulating within the venous lumen.</p>
<p begin="00:08:08.894" end="00:08:11.228" style="s2">So at this point, we're<br />ready to thread the catheter.</p>
<p begin="00:08:11.228" end="00:08:14.267" style="s2">This video clip captures<br />a long axis cannualtion</p>
<p begin="00:08:14.267" end="00:08:17.010" style="s2">of a deep arm vein and we<br />can see the needle coming</p>
<p begin="00:08:17.010" end="00:08:19.346" style="s2">in from left to right and<br />we can see the needle tip</p>
<p begin="00:08:19.346" end="00:08:21.417" style="s2">permeating through the vessel lumen.</p>
<p begin="00:08:21.417" end="00:08:24.412" style="s2">Now we can see the actual<br />threading of the plastic catheter.</p>
<p begin="00:08:24.412" end="00:08:27.132" style="s2">So again we'll look at the<br />needle coming in from left</p>
<p begin="00:08:27.132" end="00:08:29.533" style="s2">to right and now we'll<br />go ahead and freeze it</p>
<p begin="00:08:29.533" end="00:08:32.023" style="s2">so we can see the actual plastic catheter</p>
<p begin="00:08:32.023" end="00:08:34.277" style="s2">securely within the lumen of the vessel</p>
<p begin="00:08:34.277" end="00:08:35.889" style="s2">and it's nice to visualize the catheter</p>
<p begin="00:08:35.889" end="00:08:37.499" style="s2">within the vessel lumen to ensure</p>
<p begin="00:08:37.499" end="00:08:40.135" style="s2">that there's enough catheter<br />there to give a good amount</p>
<p begin="00:08:40.135" end="00:08:42.355" style="s2">of medications and<br />fluids with extravasation</p>
<p begin="00:08:42.355" end="00:08:45.721" style="s2">of either of these liquids<br />into the patients arm.</p>
<p begin="00:08:45.721" end="00:08:48.283" style="s2">In conclusion, thanks for<br />tuning in to this SoundBytes</p>
<p begin="00:08:48.283" end="00:08:50.582" style="s2">module going over part<br />2 of ultrasound guided</p>
<p begin="00:08:50.582" end="00:08:52.239" style="s2">cannulation of arm veins.</p>
<p begin="00:08:52.239" end="00:08:54.518" style="s2">Ultrasound guidance for<br />peripheral IV insertion</p>
<p begin="00:08:54.518" end="00:08:56.333" style="s2">is an extremely helpful technique</p>
<p begin="00:08:56.333" end="00:08:58.277" style="s2">and optimally you want<br />to choose a target vessel</p>
<p begin="00:08:58.277" end="00:09:00.534" style="s2">greater than six millimeter in diameter</p>
<p begin="00:09:00.534" end="00:09:02.986" style="s2">and at a depth of less<br />than 1.6 centimeters</p>
<p begin="00:09:02.986" end="00:09:05.381" style="s2">to optimize our cannulation success.</p>
<p begin="00:09:05.381" end="00:09:08.022" style="s2">We want also pick a<br />longer catheter so we have</p>
<p begin="00:09:08.022" end="00:09:10.494" style="s2">enough needle and plastic<br />catheter to get into</p>
<p begin="00:09:10.494" end="00:09:12.754" style="s2">these deep arm vessels.</p>
<p begin="00:09:12.754" end="00:09:15.418" style="s2">We use a combination of<br />short and long axis views</p>
<p begin="00:09:15.418" end="00:09:18.174" style="s2">to dynamically guide the<br />angiocath into the vein</p>
<p begin="00:09:18.174" end="00:09:20.721" style="s2">and just bear with it because<br />there is a steep learning</p>
<p begin="00:09:20.721" end="00:09:23.020" style="s2">curve for these ultrasound guided IVs.</p>
<p begin="00:09:23.020" end="00:09:24.938" style="s2">So you'll get it with<br />time so don't give up</p>
<p begin="00:09:24.938" end="00:09:26.782" style="s2">and practice practice practice.</p>
<p begin="00:09:26.782" end="00:09:28.510" style="s2">So I hope to see you back in the future</p>
<p begin="00:09:28.510" end="00:09:30.843" style="s2">as we SoundBytes continues.</p>
<p begin="00:00:16.337" end="00:00:18.367" style="s2">and I'm the emergency<br />ultra sound coordinator</p>
<p begin="00:00:18.367" end="00:00:21.187" style="s2">at the New York Presbyterian<br />hospital in New York City</p>
<p begin="00:00:21.187" end="00:00:24.653" style="s2">and welcome to SoundBytes Cases.</p>
<p begin="00:00:24.653" end="00:00:26.948" style="s2">In this SoundBytes module,<br />entitled Ultrasound Guided</p>
<p begin="00:00:26.948" end="00:00:29.053" style="s2">Cannulation of Arm Veins Part 2,</p>
<p begin="00:00:29.053" end="00:00:30.605" style="s2">we'll look further into<br />the techniques needed</p>
<p begin="00:00:30.605" end="00:00:33.497" style="s2">to use ultrasonography to guide a IV into</p>
<p begin="00:00:33.497" end="00:00:35.576" style="s2">one of the deep arm veins.</p>
<p begin="00:00:35.576" end="00:00:37.675" style="s2">As we discussed in part<br />one of this module,</p>
<p begin="00:00:37.675" end="00:00:39.873" style="s2">we first want to map out<br />the vein using both short</p>
<p begin="00:00:39.873" end="00:00:42.867" style="s2">and long axis views and we'll<br />employ a dynamic technique</p>
<p begin="00:00:42.867" end="00:00:46.068" style="s2">for optimal guidance for the<br />catheter down to the vein.</p>
<p begin="00:00:46.068" end="00:00:48.691" style="s2">Want to use a longer<br />angiocath for the procedure,</p>
<p begin="00:00:48.691" end="00:00:51.551" style="s2">preferably 1.88 inch or longer</p>
<p begin="00:00:51.551" end="00:00:54.294" style="s2">as we need a good amount of<br />plastic catheter in the vein</p>
<p begin="00:00:54.294" end="00:00:56.626" style="s2">to avoid extravasation of fluids or meds</p>
<p begin="00:00:56.626" end="00:00:58.997" style="s2">during resuscitation of the patient.</p>
<p begin="00:00:58.997" end="00:01:02.011" style="s2">This recent published study<br />showed that it's crucial</p>
<p begin="00:01:02.011" end="00:01:04.479" style="s2">to select the correct<br />target vessel when deciding</p>
<p begin="00:01:04.479" end="00:01:06.898" style="s2">to cannulate a deep arm IV.</p>
<p begin="00:01:06.898" end="00:01:09.491" style="s2">169 patients were enrolled in the study</p>
<p begin="00:01:09.491" end="00:01:11.591" style="s2">and it was determined that<br />the size of the vessel</p>
<p begin="00:01:11.591" end="00:01:13.386" style="s2">directly correlated with the success rate</p>
<p begin="00:01:13.386" end="00:01:15.385" style="s2">of the cannulation procedure.</p>
<p begin="00:01:15.385" end="00:01:18.012" style="s2">A vessel with a diameter<br />less than three millimeters</p>
<p begin="00:01:18.012" end="00:01:20.837" style="s2">correlated to a success rate of only 56%.</p>
<p begin="00:01:20.837" end="00:01:23.588" style="s2">While a diameter greater<br />than 6 millimeters correlated</p>
<p begin="00:01:23.588" end="00:01:26.139" style="s2">to success rate of 92%.</p>
<p begin="00:01:26.139" end="00:01:28.737" style="s2">That's showing that the diameter<br />was directly correlating</p>
<p begin="00:01:28.737" end="00:01:31.932" style="s2">to the success rate of<br />placement of a deep arm IV.</p>
<p begin="00:01:31.932" end="00:01:34.176" style="s2">Also the depth of the<br />vessel was very important</p>
<p begin="00:01:34.176" end="00:01:37.755" style="s2">as no vessel that was<br />deeper than 1.6 centimeters</p>
<p begin="00:01:37.755" end="00:01:39.901" style="s2">was successful cannulated.</p>
<p begin="00:01:39.901" end="00:01:42.631" style="s2">A very nice study by Dr. Panebianco et al.</p>
<p begin="00:01:42.631" end="00:01:45.729" style="s2">A academic emergency medicine, 2009.</p>
<p begin="00:01:45.729" end="00:01:47.478" style="s2">Armed with the knowledge<br />of the last study,</p>
<p begin="00:01:47.478" end="00:01:50.005" style="s2">here we're going to measure<br />the diameter of a brachial vein</p>
<p begin="00:01:50.005" end="00:01:51.888" style="s2">prior to a puncture attempt.</p>
<p begin="00:01:51.888" end="00:01:53.807" style="s2">Notice here, we've<br />selected a brachial vain</p>
<p begin="00:01:53.807" end="00:01:56.424" style="s2">and we're measure the<br />diameter at 3.7 millimeters</p>
<p begin="00:01:56.424" end="00:01:58.347" style="s2">by 4.3 millimeters.</p>
<p begin="00:01:58.347" end="00:02:01.062" style="s2">Thus, this would correlate<br />with a low likelihood</p>
<p begin="00:02:01.062" end="00:02:04.105" style="s2">of success rate during<br />a cannulation attempt.</p>
<p begin="00:02:04.105" end="00:02:06.359" style="s2">Notice also we're measuring<br />the depth of the vessel</p>
<p begin="00:02:06.359" end="00:02:08.950" style="s2">and while the depth of the<br />vessel is six millimeters</p>
<p begin="00:02:08.950" end="00:02:11.459" style="s2">less than the 1.6<br />centimeters that correlated</p>
<p begin="00:02:11.459" end="00:02:14.853" style="s2">to no successful outcomes of<br />peripheral IV cannulation,</p>
<p begin="00:02:14.853" end="00:02:17.440" style="s2">the diameter of the vessel<br />would be very difficult</p>
<p begin="00:02:17.440" end="00:02:18.988" style="s2">to cannulate.</p>
<p begin="00:02:18.988" end="00:02:20.629" style="s2">Now let's take a look at a better target.</p>
<p begin="00:02:20.629" end="00:02:23.085" style="s2">This is a basilic vessel<br />and we can see here</p>
<p begin="00:02:23.085" end="00:02:24.883" style="s2">that the diameter is<br />much larger than the last</p>
<p begin="00:02:24.883" end="00:02:27.557" style="s2">brachial vein and we measure<br />it at 6.5 millimeters</p>
<p begin="00:02:27.557" end="00:02:29.763" style="s2">by 6.7 millimeters.</p>
<p begin="00:02:29.763" end="00:02:32.406" style="s2">Thus, this would have a<br />very high success rate</p>
<p begin="00:02:32.406" end="00:02:35.900" style="s2">in terms of cannulation<br />with a ultrasound guided IV.</p>
<p begin="00:02:35.900" end="00:02:38.198" style="s2">We can also see that the<br />vessel depth is relatively</p>
<p begin="00:02:38.198" end="00:02:40.596" style="s2">superficial, again making it more amenable</p>
<p begin="00:02:40.596" end="00:02:42.586" style="s2">to a cannulation attempt.</p>
<p begin="00:02:42.586" end="00:02:44.801" style="s2">Once we have selected a<br />favorable target vessel</p>
<p begin="00:02:44.801" end="00:02:47.541" style="s2">for cannulation, we can place<br />the probe in a short axis</p>
<p begin="00:02:47.541" end="00:02:49.575" style="s2">of side to side orientation.</p>
<p begin="00:02:49.575" end="00:02:52.020" style="s2">Here we're using a q-tip<br />coming in underneath the probe</p>
<p begin="00:02:52.020" end="00:02:55.355" style="s2">at 45 degree angle to look<br />for the ring down artificat</p>
<p begin="00:02:55.355" end="00:02:58.393" style="s2">for guidance for placement<br />of the IV in a side to side</p>
<p begin="00:02:58.393" end="00:03:01.274" style="s2">or lateral orientation<br />on the patients arm.</p>
<p begin="00:03:01.274" end="00:03:04.172" style="s2">We can look for a finding<br />know as the ring down artifact</p>
<p begin="00:03:04.172" end="00:03:06.209" style="s2">on the ultrasound screen as shown here.</p>
<p begin="00:03:06.209" end="00:03:08.643" style="s2">Notice we have a nice plump<br />basilic vein in the middle</p>
<p begin="00:03:08.643" end="00:03:10.751" style="s2">of the field here and<br />we can see a dark mark</p>
<p begin="00:03:10.751" end="00:03:12.889" style="s2">emanating from the surface directly down.</p>
<p begin="00:03:12.889" end="00:03:14.927" style="s2">Which is the ring down<br />artifact caused by pressure</p>
<p begin="00:03:14.927" end="00:03:16.391" style="s2">from the q-tip.</p>
<p begin="00:03:16.391" end="00:03:18.147" style="s2">Thus this would be the<br />appropriate poke point</p>
<p begin="00:03:18.147" end="00:03:21.154" style="s2">on the side to side<br />orientation on the patients arm</p>
<p begin="00:03:21.154" end="00:03:23.154" style="s2">for placement of the IV.</p>
<p begin="00:03:23.154" end="00:03:26.602" style="s2">We can also localize a vessel<br />using the long axis technique.</p>
<p begin="00:03:26.602" end="00:03:28.298" style="s2">Notice here we have the probe oriented</p>
<p begin="00:03:28.298" end="00:03:31.148" style="s2">in an up and down configuration<br />on the patients arm</p>
<p begin="00:03:31.148" end="00:03:33.495" style="s2">and are placing the q-tip<br />underneath the distal aspect</p>
<p begin="00:03:33.495" end="00:03:35.480" style="s2">again at a 45 degree angle</p>
<p begin="00:03:35.480" end="00:03:38.418" style="s2">to look for that ring down<br />artifact onto the vessel.</p>
<p begin="00:03:38.418" end="00:03:41.006" style="s2">To increase the accuracy<br />of an ultrasound guided IV,</p>
<p begin="00:03:41.006" end="00:03:42.999" style="s2">it's important to know<br />the course of the vessel</p>
<p begin="00:03:42.999" end="00:03:44.831" style="s2">as it runs up and down the arm.</p>
<p begin="00:03:44.831" end="00:03:46.410" style="s2">Here we see in the picture to the left</p>
<p begin="00:03:46.410" end="00:03:48.481" style="s2">that we're localizing<br />the vessel at one point</p>
<p begin="00:03:48.481" end="00:03:50.509" style="s2">on the patients arm but it's not enough</p>
<p begin="00:03:50.509" end="00:03:51.947" style="s2">to know only one point.</p>
<p begin="00:03:51.947" end="00:03:53.440" style="s2">We need to know the course of the vessel</p>
<p begin="00:03:53.440" end="00:03:55.596" style="s2">as it runs up and down the<br />arm as show in the picture</p>
<p begin="00:03:55.596" end="00:03:56.859" style="s2">here to the right.</p>
<p begin="00:03:56.859" end="00:03:58.899" style="s2">Notice we're marking two<br />points on the vessel.</p>
<p begin="00:03:58.899" end="00:04:01.828" style="s2">We have the distal poke<br />point as noted by the blue x</p>
<p begin="00:04:01.828" end="00:04:03.930" style="s2">towards the outer part of the patients arm</p>
<p begin="00:04:03.930" end="00:04:06.067" style="s2">and then we're moving<br />the probe more up the arm</p>
<p begin="00:04:06.067" end="00:04:08.846" style="s2">more proximally to mark a<br />second point on the vessel.</p>
<p begin="00:04:08.846" end="00:04:11.588" style="s2">A line drawn between<br />these marks would identify</p>
<p begin="00:04:11.588" end="00:04:13.906" style="s2">the trajectory that the IV should follow</p>
<p begin="00:04:13.906" end="00:04:15.948" style="s2">once it comes in at the<br />the distal poke point</p>
<p begin="00:04:15.948" end="00:04:18.427" style="s2">to successfully cannulate the vessel.</p>
<p begin="00:04:18.427" end="00:04:21.542" style="s2">This longer angiocath at<br />1.88 inches would be more</p>
<p begin="00:04:21.542" end="00:04:24.101" style="s2">optimal for cannulation of a deep arm vein</p>
<p begin="00:04:24.101" end="00:04:26.057" style="s2">using ultrasound guidance.</p>
<p begin="00:04:26.057" end="00:04:27.559" style="s2">This schematic shows the reason</p>
<p begin="00:04:27.559" end="00:04:29.564" style="s2">that we need a longer<br />angiocath when cannulating</p>
<p begin="00:04:29.564" end="00:04:31.211" style="s2">a deeper arm vein.</p>
<p begin="00:04:31.211" end="00:04:34.151" style="s2">While the vein my only be one<br />centimeter deep to the skin.</p>
<p begin="00:04:34.151" end="00:04:37.037" style="s2">Notice that the needle is<br />not going directly down,</p>
<p begin="00:04:37.037" end="00:04:39.109" style="s2">it comes in at about a 45 degree angle</p>
<p begin="00:04:39.109" end="00:04:40.837" style="s2">to cannulate the vessel.</p>
<p begin="00:04:40.837" end="00:04:42.758" style="s2">So we need a longer<br />aspect of the needle just</p>
<p begin="00:04:42.758" end="00:04:44.700" style="s2">to make it down to the target vein.</p>
<p begin="00:04:44.700" end="00:04:46.962" style="s2">Plus we also need an<br />ample amount of catheter</p>
<p begin="00:04:46.962" end="00:04:48.586" style="s2">to be within the vessel lumen</p>
<p begin="00:04:48.586" end="00:04:51.734" style="s2">to avoid extravasation<br />of fluids or medications.</p>
<p begin="00:04:51.734" end="00:04:54.597" style="s2">For this reason, 1.88 inch<br />or longer is essential</p>
<p begin="00:04:54.597" end="00:04:57.223" style="s2">for cannulation of a deep arm vein.</p>
<p begin="00:04:57.223" end="00:04:59.000" style="s2">Now we're ready to cannulate a vessel</p>
<p begin="00:04:59.000" end="00:05:00.493" style="s2">using ultrasound guidance.</p>
<p begin="00:05:00.493" end="00:05:03.252" style="s2">We'll begin using the short<br />axis or side to side orientation</p>
<p begin="00:05:03.252" end="00:05:04.967" style="s2">of the probe with the probe maker</p>
<p begin="00:05:04.967" end="00:05:06.184" style="s2">orientated towards the left</p>
<p begin="00:05:06.184" end="00:05:07.760" style="s2">as we stand in front of the patient.</p>
<p begin="00:05:07.760" end="00:05:09.869" style="s2">This will correlate with the<br />ultrasound screen indicator</p>
<p begin="00:05:09.869" end="00:05:12.156" style="s2">dot which is towards<br />the left of the screen.</p>
<p begin="00:05:12.156" end="00:05:15.386" style="s2">Generally I want to go and place<br />the IV at a 45 degree angle</p>
<p begin="00:05:15.386" end="00:05:18.236" style="s2">underneath the patients<br />skin and then I'll place</p>
<p begin="00:05:18.236" end="00:05:21.068" style="s2">the probe over the area<br />of the IV to guide the IV</p>
<p begin="00:05:21.068" end="00:05:22.760" style="s2">directly into the vein.</p>
<p begin="00:05:22.760" end="00:05:25.078" style="s2">This phantom shows why using<br />the short axis technique</p>
<p begin="00:05:25.078" end="00:05:27.118" style="s2">can be an excellent<br />starting point for guiding</p>
<p begin="00:05:27.118" end="00:05:30.352" style="s2">the IV directly down to the<br />vein under ultrasound guidance.</p>
<p begin="00:05:30.352" end="00:05:32.714" style="s2">Here we can see a target<br />vessel and note we see</p>
<p begin="00:05:32.714" end="00:05:34.490" style="s2">the echogenic tip of the needle going</p>
<p begin="00:05:34.490" end="00:05:36.253" style="s2">through the anterior wall of the vessel</p>
<p begin="00:05:36.253" end="00:05:38.584" style="s2">and permeating into the vessel lumen.</p>
<p begin="00:05:38.584" end="00:05:40.538" style="s2">So the short axis technique is optimal</p>
<p begin="00:05:40.538" end="00:05:42.669" style="s2">for viewing lateral needle orientation</p>
<p begin="00:05:42.669" end="00:05:45.302" style="s2">across the patients arm<br />and guiding the IV directly</p>
<p begin="00:05:45.302" end="00:05:47.564" style="s2">down into the venous lumen.</p>
<p begin="00:05:47.564" end="00:05:49.333" style="s2">When using the short axis technique,</p>
<p begin="00:05:49.333" end="00:05:51.512" style="s2">one must keep in mind<br />the effect of probe slice</p>
<p begin="00:05:51.512" end="00:05:53.317" style="s2">on visualization of the needle.</p>
<p begin="00:05:53.317" end="00:05:55.947" style="s2">Note here, the probe is<br />position more proximally</p>
<p begin="00:05:55.947" end="00:05:58.538" style="s2">along the course of the needle<br />and even though the needle</p>
<p begin="00:05:58.538" end="00:06:00.300" style="s2">tip is securely within the vessel lumen,</p>
<p begin="00:06:00.300" end="00:06:03.757" style="s2">we're only visualizing the<br />needle to be above the vessel.</p>
<p begin="00:06:03.757" end="00:06:06.362" style="s2">Notice the schematic view<br />here towards the left</p>
<p begin="00:06:06.362" end="00:06:08.724" style="s2">and we can see the probe<br />is more proximal along</p>
<p begin="00:06:08.724" end="00:06:10.848" style="s2">the course of the needle<br />and the ultrasound view</p>
<p begin="00:06:10.848" end="00:06:13.100" style="s2">towards the right and even<br />thought the tip of the needle</p>
<p begin="00:06:13.100" end="00:06:15.066" style="s2">is securely within the<br />lumen of the vessel,</p>
<p begin="00:06:15.066" end="00:06:17.507" style="s2">we're only visualizing<br />the needle above the vein</p>
<p begin="00:06:17.507" end="00:06:19.538" style="s2">and may get a false<br />determination of where the tip</p>
<p begin="00:06:19.538" end="00:06:20.894" style="s2">of the needle is.</p>
<p begin="00:06:20.894" end="00:06:22.911" style="s2">Therefore, when using<br />the short axis technique</p>
<p begin="00:06:22.911" end="00:06:24.793" style="s2">when cannulating a deep arm vessel,</p>
<p begin="00:06:24.793" end="00:06:27.055" style="s2">it's important to move<br />the probe along the course</p>
<p begin="00:06:27.055" end="00:06:29.603" style="s2">of the vessel to stay<br />in plane with the tip</p>
<p begin="00:06:29.603" end="00:06:31.964" style="s2">of the needle as you advance<br />the needle under the skin</p>
<p begin="00:06:31.964" end="00:06:33.204" style="s2">and into the vessel lumen.</p>
<p begin="00:06:33.204" end="00:06:35.316" style="s2">Here we see we've moved the<br />probe more distally along</p>
<p begin="00:06:35.316" end="00:06:37.387" style="s2">the course of the vessel<br />and now we're more</p>
<p begin="00:06:37.387" end="00:06:39.256" style="s2">in plane with the tip of the needle.</p>
<p begin="00:06:39.256" end="00:06:40.773" style="s2">We see the schematic view to left</p>
<p begin="00:06:40.773" end="00:06:42.805" style="s2">and the ultrasound view towards the right</p>
<p begin="00:06:42.805" end="00:06:44.943" style="s2">showing successful<br />cannulation of the vessel</p>
<p begin="00:06:44.943" end="00:06:47.541" style="s2">and the tip of the needle<br />right within the vein lumen.</p>
<p begin="00:06:47.541" end="00:06:49.823" style="s2">This video clip shows<br />successful cannulation</p>
<p begin="00:06:49.823" end="00:06:52.644" style="s2">of a brachial vein using<br />the short axis technique.</p>
<p begin="00:06:52.644" end="00:06:54.819" style="s2">Notice here we see the vessel and notice</p>
<p begin="00:06:54.819" end="00:06:56.601" style="s2">we see the echogenic tip<br />of the needle coming down</p>
<p begin="00:06:56.601" end="00:06:59.036" style="s2">from the surface and<br />permeating the anterior wall</p>
<p begin="00:06:59.036" end="00:07:00.030" style="s2">of the vessel</p>
<p begin="00:07:00.030" end="00:07:02.276" style="s2">and there we can see the<br />echogenic tip of the needle</p>
<p begin="00:07:02.276" end="00:07:04.542" style="s2">right within the vessel lumen.</p>
<p begin="00:07:04.542" end="00:07:06.630" style="s2">We can also use the<br />long axis configuration</p>
<p begin="00:07:06.630" end="00:07:08.926" style="s2">for cannulation of a deep arm IV.</p>
<p begin="00:07:08.926" end="00:07:11.830" style="s2">Optimally, you want to place<br />the probe in the configuration</p>
<p begin="00:07:11.830" end="00:07:14.606" style="s2">of the vessel as it runs up<br />and down the patients arm.</p>
<p begin="00:07:14.606" end="00:07:16.829" style="s2">By tradition, we want to have<br />the probe marker oriented</p>
<p begin="00:07:16.829" end="00:07:19.478" style="s2">distal so that the distal<br />aspect of the probe</p>
<p begin="00:07:19.478" end="00:07:21.984" style="s2">will line up to the left<br />of the ultrasound screen,</p>
<p begin="00:07:21.984" end="00:07:23.387" style="s2">as shown here.</p>
<p begin="00:07:23.387" end="00:07:25.369" style="s2">So distal on the screen<br />will be to the left</p>
<p begin="00:07:25.369" end="00:07:26.829" style="s2">and proximal to the right.</p>
<p begin="00:07:26.829" end="00:07:28.523" style="s2">The IV would then enter<br />underneath the probe</p>
<p begin="00:07:28.523" end="00:07:30.781" style="s2">at that 45 degree angle.</p>
<p begin="00:07:30.781" end="00:07:32.280" style="s2">While the short axis configuration gives</p>
<p begin="00:07:32.280" end="00:07:34.173" style="s2">a lot of information about side to side</p>
<p begin="00:07:34.173" end="00:07:36.115" style="s2">or lateral orientation of the needle,</p>
<p begin="00:07:36.115" end="00:07:38.676" style="s2">the long axis configuration<br />gives a lot of information</p>
<p begin="00:07:38.676" end="00:07:40.895" style="s2">with regard to vertical needle depth.</p>
<p begin="00:07:40.895" end="00:07:42.546" style="s2">Here we see a needle coming from the left</p>
<p begin="00:07:42.546" end="00:07:44.926" style="s2">and permeating into the vein lumen.</p>
<p begin="00:07:44.926" end="00:07:47.022" style="s2">Notice here we can get<br />an accurate determination</p>
<p begin="00:07:47.022" end="00:07:49.432" style="s2">of the optimal depth of the needle</p>
<p begin="00:07:49.432" end="00:07:51.945" style="s2">in relation to the venous<br />lumen for cannulation</p>
<p begin="00:07:51.945" end="00:07:53.115" style="s2">of the vessel.</p>
<p begin="00:07:53.115" end="00:07:54.907" style="s2">Here's a real cannulation<br />of a brachial vein</p>
<p begin="00:07:54.907" end="00:07:56.866" style="s2">in a long axis configuration.</p>
<p begin="00:07:56.866" end="00:07:59.759" style="s2">We see the vein stretching out<br />in a long axis configuration</p>
<p begin="00:07:59.759" end="00:08:02.057" style="s2">as a tubular structure<br />running from left to right</p>
<p begin="00:08:02.057" end="00:08:04.316" style="s2">along the screen and we<br />see the needle coming</p>
<p begin="00:08:04.316" end="00:08:06.375" style="s2">in from the left to the<br />right moving up and down</p>
<p begin="00:08:06.375" end="00:08:08.894" style="s2">and cannulating within the venous lumen.</p>
<p begin="00:08:08.894" end="00:08:11.228" style="s2">So at this point, we're<br />ready to thread the catheter.</p>
<p begin="00:08:11.228" end="00:08:14.267" style="s2">This video clip captures<br />a long axis cannualtion</p>
<p begin="00:08:14.267" end="00:08:17.010" style="s2">of a deep arm vein and we<br />can see the needle coming</p>
<p begin="00:08:17.010" end="00:08:19.346" style="s2">in from left to right and<br />we can see the needle tip</p>
<p begin="00:08:19.346" end="00:08:21.417" style="s2">permeating through the vessel lumen.</p>
<p begin="00:08:21.417" end="00:08:24.412" style="s2">Now we can see the actual<br />threading of the plastic catheter.</p>
<p begin="00:08:24.412" end="00:08:27.132" style="s2">So again we'll look at the<br />needle coming in from left</p>
<p begin="00:08:27.132" end="00:08:29.533" style="s2">to right and now we'll<br />go ahead and freeze it</p>
<p begin="00:08:29.533" end="00:08:32.023" style="s2">so we can see the actual plastic catheter</p>
<p begin="00:08:32.023" end="00:08:34.277" style="s2">securely within the lumen of the vessel</p>
<p begin="00:08:34.277" end="00:08:35.889" style="s2">and it's nice to visualize the catheter</p>
<p begin="00:08:35.889" end="00:08:37.499" style="s2">within the vessel lumen to ensure</p>
<p begin="00:08:37.499" end="00:08:40.135" style="s2">that there's enough catheter<br />there to give a good amount</p>
<p begin="00:08:40.135" end="00:08:42.355" style="s2">of medications and<br />fluids with extravasation</p>
<p begin="00:08:42.355" end="00:08:45.721" style="s2">of either of these liquids<br />into the patients arm.</p>
<p begin="00:08:45.721" end="00:08:48.283" style="s2">In conclusion, thanks for<br />tuning in to this SoundBytes</p>
<p begin="00:08:48.283" end="00:08:50.582" style="s2">module going over part<br />2 of ultrasound guided</p>
<p begin="00:08:50.582" end="00:08:52.239" style="s2">cannulation of arm veins.</p>
<p begin="00:08:52.239" end="00:08:54.518" style="s2">Ultrasound guidance for<br />peripheral IV insertion</p>
<p begin="00:08:54.518" end="00:08:56.333" style="s2">is an extremely helpful technique</p>
<p begin="00:08:56.333" end="00:08:58.277" style="s2">and optimally you want<br />to choose a target vessel</p>
<p begin="00:08:58.277" end="00:09:00.534" style="s2">greater than six millimeter in diameter</p>
<p begin="00:09:00.534" end="00:09:02.986" style="s2">and at a depth of less<br />than 1.6 centimeters</p>
<p begin="00:09:02.986" end="00:09:05.381" style="s2">to optimize our cannulation success.</p>
<p begin="00:09:05.381" end="00:09:08.022" style="s2">We want also pick a<br />longer catheter so we have</p>
<p begin="00:09:08.022" end="00:09:10.494" style="s2">enough needle and plastic<br />catheter to get into</p>
<p begin="00:09:10.494" end="00:09:12.754" style="s2">these deep arm vessels.</p>
<p begin="00:09:12.754" end="00:09:15.418" style="s2">We use a combination of<br />short and long axis views</p>
<p begin="00:09:15.418" end="00:09:18.174" style="s2">to dynamically guide the<br />angiocath into the vein</p>
<p begin="00:09:18.174" end="00:09:20.721" style="s2">and just bear with it because<br />there is a steep learning</p>
<p begin="00:09:20.721" end="00:09:23.020" style="s2">curve for these ultrasound guided IVs.</p>
<p begin="00:09:23.020" end="00:09:24.938" style="s2">So you'll get it with<br />time so don't give up</p>
<p begin="00:09:24.938" end="00:09:26.782" style="s2">and practice practice practice.</p>
<p begin="00:09:26.782" end="00:09:28.510" style="s2">So I hope to see you back in the future</p>
<p begin="00:09:28.510" end="00:09:30.843" style="s2">as we SoundBytes continues.</p>
Brightcove ID
5508134289001
https://youtube.com/watch?v=riizCYcXhRU